Simple Method To Find Hybridization

How Many Of You Have Problem With The Concept Of Hybridisation?

Very Sorry That You Will Have To Say Good Bye To Your Problem After Reading This.
Number of hybridised orbitals= 
S+1/2(E-V-C)

S: surrounding atoms
E: Electrons in the outer shell
V: total valency of surrounding atoms
C: charge

this is the one and only one equation thats going to help you.
*EXAMPLE 1
CH4
central atom: C

number of atoms surrounding central atom(S)=4
number of valence electrons of carbon( E) = 4
valancy of surrounding atoms(V)= 4*1=4
Charge (C)= 0

so number of hybridised orbitals= 4+1/2(4-4-0)
=4+1/2(0)
=4

number of hybridised orbitals is 4. So hybridisation is sp3.

Note : in determining 'V'( total valency of surrounding atoms) almost all elements like Cl, Br, I, F, H have valency 1 and everyone know O and S are bivalent.
That is valency 2.
*Example 2

ClO4 minus (charge minus one)
central: Cl
S= 4
E= 7
V= 4*2=8
C= -1

number of hybrid orbital= 4+1/2( 7-8+1)
=4

here also its sp3 hybridisation.
*EXAMPLE : 3

XeF2
Central: Xe
S=2
E=8
V= 2*1=2
C=0

2+1/2(8-2-0)=5

so hybridisation is sp3d.

Common Oxidizing & Reducing Agent

"AT A GLANCE"
As a Chemistry Student we must know the list of common oxidizing & reducing agent.

Common reducing agents are: 

1. Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) 
2. Nascent (atomic) hydrogen [H] 
3. Sodium amalgam 
4. Diborane

5. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) 

6. Compounds containing the Sn2+ ion, such as tin(II) chloride
7. Sulfite compounds 
8. Hydrazine (Wolff-Kishner reduction) 
9. Zinc-mercury amalgam (Zn(Hg)) (Clemmensen reduction) 
10. Diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H)
11. Lindlar catalyst
12. Oxalic acid (C2H2O4) 
13. Formic acid (HCOOH) 
14. Ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) 
15. Phosphites, hypophosphites, and phosphorous acid.

Common oxidising agents are: 

1. Oxygen (O2) 
2. Ozone (O3) 
3. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other inorganic peroxides 
4. Fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), and other halogens 
5. Nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate compounds 
6. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)Peroxydisulfuric acid (H2S2O8) Peroxymonosulfuric acid (H2SO5) 
7. Chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, and other analogous halogen compounds Hypochlorite 
8. Permanganate compounds such as KMnO4 
9. Sodium perborate 
10. Nitrous oxide (N2O) 
11. Silver oxide (Ag2O) 
12. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) 
13. Tollens' reagent
14. Br2+H2O
15. Fehling's reagent
16. K2Cr2O7, H+